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Conjugate - Would, could

Would is the conditional conjugation of verb - vouloir

I would like	je voudrais
You would like	Tu voudrais
He would Like	Il voudrait
We would like	nous voudrions
You would like	vous voudriez
Ils would like	ils voudraient

Could is the conditional conjugation of verb - pouvoir

I could	je pourrais
You could	tu pourrais
He could	il pourrait
We could	nous pourrions
You could	vous pourriez
They could	ils pourraient

pourrait-il manger? = can he eat?

pourriez-vous chercher? = can you chercher?

pourrions-nous nous bavarder = could we chat

Je voudrais à ècrit  = I would like to write

Nous voudrions à chanter = we would like to sing.

nous voulons chanter = we will sing

voulez-vous étudier = will you study?

Reflexive pronouns

ME M'  - Myself
TE T' - Yourself
SE S' - Himself,Herself,oneself
NOUS - ourselves
VOUS - yourselves, yourself(polite)
SE S' - themselves



je me lave - I wash myself
tu te laves - You wash yourself.
il se lave
nous nous lavons
vous vous lavez
ils se lavent

LES TRAINS

• Nous voici à  la gare.
• un billet aller et retour - a round-trip ticket
• des billets de famille - family tickets
• Compartiment fumeurs ou non-fumeurs - smoking or non-smoking compartments
• c'est treh cher - that's too expensive.

• En voiture - (ahn vwa-tewr) All aboard
• Une passagère - (ewn pa sa zhehr) an passenger
• S'assoir - (sa-swar) to sit down
• Se lever - (suh luh-vay) to get up
• La salle d'attente -(lah sahl da-tahnt) the waiting room
• L'horaire -(lo-rehr) the schedule
• Le quai -(kay) railway platform
• La charrette - (lah sha-reht) luggage-cart
• Le porteur -(lu par-tuhr) porter
• Jours ouvrables - (zhoor oo-vrahbl) week days
• Dimanches et Fêtes seulement – (dee-mahnsh at feht suhl-mahn) Sundays and holidays only
• Wagon-restaurant – (va-gohn-rehs-to-rahn) pantry
• Wagon-lit – (va-gohn-lee) car berth

Vous avez besoin les verbes savoir et connaitre

SAVOIR - to know  how to do sthg; to know a fact; acquired knowledge

Je SAIS
Tu SAIS
Il SAIT
NOUS SAVONS
VOUS SAVEZ
ILS SAVENT

CONNAITRE - to know; to be acquainted with. a person. place or thing
Je CONNAIS
Tu CONNAIS
Il CONNAIT
NOUS CONNAISSONS
VOUS CONNAISSEZ
ILS CONNAISSENT

Je Connais londres. Il Connais brigitte bardot
Tu sais qui est le president de la republique francise.
Nous savons parler francais.

COMMENT DIT-on

• ils ont CHAUD. Hot
• Nous avons FROID(frwah). cold
• Les garcons ont POUR(puhr). afraid
• Le chien a faim(fan). hungry
• le garcon a honte(ohnt). ashamed
• L'homme a sommeil(so-meh-y). sleepy

Le Temps(tahn), Les saisons(seh-zohn), Les mois(mwah), et les jours(zhoor)

C'est L'HIVER. winter
Il Fait FROID(frwah). cold
il NEIGE(nehzh). Snows
il fait du VENT(vahn). Windy

C'est le PRINTEMPS(pran-tahn). Spring
il fait FRAIS(freh). cool
il fait BEAU(boh). beautiful
il fait du SOLEIL(so-leh-y). sunny

C'est L'ETE(lay-tay). summer
il fait CHAUD.
il fait tres CHAUD.
il fait DES AVERSES(a-vehrs) showers

C'est L'AUTOMNE. fall
il fait du BROUILLARD(broo-yar). fog
il PLEUT(pluh) rains
il GELE(zhel) freezes

In french they don't say "It is cold." they say "it makes cold,"

Quel Temps Fait-il?

II FAIT ......

• 
  
  beau
  
  
  
• 
  
  un temps superbe(sew-pehrb)
  
  
  
• 
  
  chaud
  
  
  
• 
  
  un temps horrible(o-reebl)
  
  
  
• 
  
  un temps merveilleux(mehr-veh-yuh).
  
  
  
• 
  
  froid
  
  
  
• 
  
  un temps affreux(a-fruh). awful
  
  
  
• 
  
  humid,lourd (ew-meed, loor). humid,heavy
  
  
  
• 
  
  orageux (o-ra-zhuh). stormy
  
  
  
• 
  
  du vent(vahn). windy
  
  
  
• 
  
  neige(nehzh). snowing
  
  
  
• 
  
  pleut(pluh). raining
  
  
  
• 
  
  pleut a verse(vers). pouring
  
  
  

• 
  
  il fait clair(klehr).
  
  
  
• 
  
  c'est le matin (ma-tan).
  
  
  
• 
  
  il fait jour. day
  
  
  
• 
  
  il fait un peu sombre(sohnbr). it is getting dark.
  
  
  
• 
  
  c'est l'apresmidi.
  
  
  
• 
  
  il fait sombre. dark
  
  
  
• 
  
  c'est le soir(swar). evening
  
  
  
• 
  
  il fait nuit(nwee). dark
  
  
  
• 
  
  c'est la nuit. night
  
  
  

LES MOIS DE L'ANNEE ...

• 
  
  JANVIER (zhahn-vyay)
  
  
  
• 
  
  FEVIER (fay-vree-yay)
  
  
  
• 
  
  MARS(mars)
  
  
  
• 
  
  AVRIL(ah-vreel)
  
  
  
• 
  
  MAI(may)
  
  
  
• 
  
  JUIN(zhwan)
  
  
  
• 
  
  JUILLET(zhwee-yeh)
  
  
  
• 
  
  AOUT(oot)
  
  
  
• 
  
  SEPTEMBRE(sehp-tahnbr)
  
  
  
• 
  
  OCTOBRE(ok-tobr)
  
  
  
• 
  
  NOVEMBRE(no-vahnbr)
  
  
  
• 
  
  DECEMBRE(day-sahnbr)
  
  
  

LES JOURS DE LA SEMAINE(suh-men) ...

lundi,mardi,mercredi,jeudi,vendredi,samedi,dimanche

French: Possessive Adjectives

<>Possessive adjectifs

Masculine	Feminine	Pluriel	Anglise
MON	MA	MES	Mine
TON	TA	TES	Your
VOTRE	VOTRE	VOS	Your-polite,pluriel
SON	SA	SES	His/Hers
NOTRE	NOTRE	NOS	Our
LEUR	LEUR	LEURS	Their

The possessive adjective agrees with the thing possessed and NOT the person who possesses.
Masculine singular possessive adjective is used before feminine nouns begining with vowel. Ex - Mon automobile.

Ma mère Ta mère Votre mère Sa mère notre mère leur mère
Mon chat Ton chat Votre chat Son chat Notre chat Leur chat
Mes soeurs Tes soeurs Vos soeurs Ses soeurs Nos soeurs Leurs soeurs

French : comment exprimer l'huere et les nombres

How to express the time and numbers.

un deux trois quatre cinq six sept huit neuf dix onze douze treize quatorze quinze seize dix-sept dix-huit dix-neuf vingt vingt et un vingt-deux vingt-trois vingt-quatre vingt-cinq vingt-six vingt-sept vingt-huit vingt-nuef trente
quarante
cinquante
soixante
soixante-dix soixante-onze soixante-douze soixante-treize soixante-quatorze soixante-quinze soixante-sank soixante-seize soixante-dix-sept soixante-dix-huit soixante-dix-neuf
quatre-vingt quatre-vingt et un
quatre-vingt onze quatre-vingt douze quatre-vingt treize quatre-vingt quatorze quatre-vingt quinze quatre-vingt seize quatre-vingt dix-sept quatre-vingt dix-huit quatre-vingt dix-neuf
cent
Deux cents
mille (milliers -thousands)
million (millions -millions)
quart - quater
demi - half
one and three quaters = un et trois quart

7.695 = sept mille six cents quatre-vingt-quinze
956,54 = neuf mille cinquante six virgule cinquante quatre
99.979,68 = quatre vingt dix-neuf mille neuf cent soixante dix neuf virgule soixante huit
virgule = point
du matin   = In the morning
du l'apres-midi = Afternoon
du soir (swar) = Evening
du nuit = Night

quelle heures est-il?
il est neuf heures dix-huit du matin (9:18 A.M.)
il est neuf heures trente-cinq du soir (9:35 P.M.)
il est un heures et demie l'apres-midi (1:30 P.M.)
il est deux heures moins cinq (1:55 A.M)
il est deux heures et quart (2:15 A.M.)
il est midi et demi (12:30 PM)
il est minuit moins le quart (11:45 PM)


Today - Aujourd'hui (oh-zhoor-dwee)
Tomorrow - demain (duh-man)
Yesterday - hier (hyehr)

Days of the week
Monday- lundi
Tuesday - mardi
Wednesday - mercredi(mer-kruh-dee)
Thursday - jeudi
Friday - vendredi (vehn-druh-dee)
Saturday - samedi
Sunday - dimanche

Always,still - toujours (too-zhoor)
Still,again,yet - encore (ahn-kor)
Also,too - aussi (oh-see)
Already-déjà(day-zhah)

LDAP: Revealed

Light weight directory protocol  is a open industry standard and as the name stands it is a protocol, a standard method for accessing and updating information in a directory. Though it is not the directory itself, nor is it does define the directory service itself.
As a standard definition, LDAP is a protocol that defines

• Message protocols used by directory servers and directory clients to communicate.
• Standard method for accessing and updating information in the directory.
• The communication protocol,defining the transport and format of messages used by a directory client to access data in an X.500-like directory.

LDAP is based on the industry standard Request for comments[RFC]

Directory
Directory is specialized database that stores listing of information about objects in a typed and ordered way (as name-value pairs or node-data pairs). A few examples, like, DNS where nodes are domain names and data is the ip-addresses OR Network OS Directory, where the nodes are the resources managed by OS like users,computers,printers etc. 
The special characteristics of a Directory that differentiate it from a RDBMS are

1. They are accessed more often than they are updated,
2. Typically optimized for read-access, Data can be redundant if it supports performance
3. Meant to store static information, not appropriate for storing information that changes rapidly.
   
4. Do not support transactions or rather support 'limited transactions within directory' and not any other transactions, like, database transactions. (Transactions are all-or-nothing operations that must be completed in total or not at all.)
5. Limited in type of data they are allowed to store.
6. Use simplified and optimized access protocols that can be used in slim and relatively simple applications (compare against powerful SQL as access method for RDBMSs.)

The three dimensions of a directory are independant of each other.

1. Scope of information (Local, Global)
2. Location of client (Local, Global)
3. Distribution of Server (Centralized, Distributed)

Communication path

[Application] <-calls-> [Directory-Client APIs] <--request/response--> [Directory Server] <---access via TCP/IP port 636s/389e---> [Directory]

Directory Service
Directory service is a software system that - Stores,Organizes and Provides access to information in a directory. LDAP is based on the directory information services of X.500 standard,but uses TCP/IP Stack and string encoding scheme of X.500 protocol DAP.

X.500 is a series of computer networking standards covering directory services. it includes various OSI Stack-based protocols,like, DAP,DSP,DISP,DOP.  LDAP is an alternative to 'DAP of X.500 Standard' LDAP allows internet clients to access X.500 directory using the TCP/IP networking Stack.
Primary concept of X.500 is that there is a single Directory Information tree(DIT), a hierarchical organization of information that is distributed across one or more servers, called as directory system agents(DSA). An entry consists of a set of attributes and has a unique distinguished name.
The Distinguished Name comprises of :  Relative distinguished name(rdn) of itself + one or more attribute of itself + RDNs of each of the superior entries up to the root of DIT.

FRENCH VERBES CONJUGATE

नमस्कार

आज हम फ्रेंच verbs के बारे में चर्चा करते है. फ्रेंच वेर्ब्स कंजुगेशन सबसे महत्वपूर्ण है. lets cover the french infinitive verbs -present tense first. There are four categories of based on the verb root endings.

1. -ER ending
2. -IR ending
3. -RE ending
4. -OIR ending

-ER ending words are most numerous around 90% of the total verbs. They are the most dynamic verbs and almost all new verbs take an -ER ending.These -ER verbs are conjugated as:

PERSON	SINGULIER	PLURIEL
I	je -E	nous -ONS
II	tu -ES	vous -EZ
III	il/elle/on -E	ils/elles -ENT

-RE,-OIR,-IR ending words can be conjugated in several different ways
For the -RE ending words there are two conjugation endings
a) S-endings

PERSON	SINGULIER	PLURIEL
I	je -S	nous -ONS
II	tu -S	vous -EZ
III	il/elle/on -T	ils/elles -ENT

b) E-endings ( same conjugation as for ER verbs)

PERSON	SINGULIER	PLURIEL
I	je -E	nous -ONS
II	tu -ES	vous -EZ
III	il/elle/on -E	ils/elles -ENT

Many of the verbs use two-different stems one for singulars and plurals. some use three stems one for Singulars, one for first and second person plurals and third for the third person plural.

2 STEMS 
partir (to leave)

PERSON	SINGULIER	PLURIEL
I	je par-S	nous parT-ONS
II	tu par-S	vous parT-EZ
III	il/elle/on par-E	ils/elles parT-ENT

3 STEMS
boire(to drink)

PERSON	SINGULIER	PLURIEL
I	je boi-S	nous buv-ONS
II	tu boi-S	vous buv-EZ
III	il/elle/on boi-T	ils/elles boiv-ENT

Some verbs have extended stems by adding -i to singulars and -iss to plurals

PERSON	SINGULIER	PLURIEL
I	je fin-I-S	nous fin-ISS-ONS
II	tu fin-I-S	vous fin-ISS-EZ
III	il/elle/on fin-I-T	ils/elles fin-ISS-ENT

OVERALL SITUATION

Verb endings	-oir verbs	-re verbs	-ir verbs
S-ending(1,2,3 stems)	39	249	72
E-ending	0	0	16
Extended S-ending	0	2	308

Thus:

With two exceptions, -oir and -re verbs only use the basic -s endings. For the large majority of these verbs the stem is non-uniform.
Approximately 80 percent of -ir verbs use extended -s endings. Of the others, most use (basic) -s endings, while a relatively small number use -e endings.

The traditional breakdown of French verbs is as follows:
Class I         -er verbs other than aller (5,755)
Class II        verbs with extended -s endings (310)
Class III       all other verbs
(1) -s endings (360)
(2) -ir verbs with -e endings (16)
(3) être, avoir, aller (3)
être - to be

PERSON	SINGULIER	PLURIEL
I	je suis	nous sommes
II	tu es	vous êtes
III	il/elle/on est	ils/elles sont

avoir - to have

PERSON	SINGULIER	PLURIEL
I	je ai	nous avons
II	tu as	vous avez
III	il/elle/on a	ils/elles ont

aller - to go

PERSON	SINGULIER	PLURIEL
I	je vais	nous allons
II	tu vas	vous allez
III	il/elle/on va	ils/elles vont

	Prendre - to take	comprendre - to understand	apprendre-to learn
I S	Prends	Comprends	Apprends
II S	prends	comprends	apprends
III S	prend	comprend	apprend
I P	prenons	comprenons	apprenons
II P	Prenez	comprenez	apprenez
III P	prennent	comprennent	apprennent

	Dormir - to sleep	Partir - to leave	Sortir - to exit, go out	Servir - to servir	Sentir - to smell, feel	mentir - to lie
I S	dors	pars	sors	sers	sens	mens
II S	dors	pars	sors	sers	sens	mens
III S	dort	part	sort	sert	sent	mens
I P	dormons	partons	sortons	sertons	sentons	mentons
II P	dormez	partez	sortez	sertez	sentez	mentez
III P	dorment	partent	sortent	sertent	sentent	mentent

	Vouloir - to want(voo-lwar)	Pouvoir - to be able to(poo-vwar)
I S	veux(vuh)	peux(puh)
II S	veux(vuh)	peux(puh)
III S	veut(vuh)	peut(puh)
I P	voulons (voo-lohn)	pouvons(poo-vohn)
II P	voulez (voo-lay)	pouvez(poo-vay)
III P	veulent (vuhl)	peuvent(puhv)

Descendre - to get down, get off

PERSON	SINGULIER	PLURIEL
I	je descends	nous descendons
II	tu descends	vous descendez
III	il descend	ils descendent

Vendre - to sell

PERSON	SINGULIER	PLURIEL
I	je vends	nous vendons
II	tu vends	vous vendez
III	il vend	ils vendent

French Prepositions

Des petits mots qui signifient beaucoup

TO = à
AT = à
used before proper nouns.

"à" with definite articles
à + la = à + la
à + le = AU
à + les = AUX
à + l' = à + l'

FROM = de
OF = de
ABOUT = de

"de" with definite articles
de + le = DU
de + les = DES
de + la = de la
de + l' = de l'

Pour - To,For
Par - BY/PER
Alors - Then
Ou - or
Et - and
Donc - therefore

Dans = in Le garcon est dans la maison
Sur = on le chat est sur la chaise.
Sous = under le chien est sous la table.
loin de = far from la sourie est loin du chat.
pres de = near from la sourie est pres du poisson.
à gouche = left le refrigerateur est à gouche de la table.
à droite = right le chaise est à droite de la table.
à cote = next to la table est à cote du refrigerateur.
devant = in front of la diner du chien est devant la chaise.
derriere = behind la chien est derriere la chaise.

Cette = This, That Ci = Here
Ce = This, That La = There
Cet = This, That La = There
Ces = These, Those La = There

Cette fille-ci = This girl here
Ces filles-ci = These girls here
Ce garcon-ci = This boy here
Ces garcon-ci = These boys here
Cet etudient-ci = This Student here

Cette etudient-la = That student there
ce garcon-la = That boy there
Ces etudient-la = Those students there
ces filles-la = those girls there

French Interrogation

Interrogation Adverbs

• What - Que, qu'
• Where - Où
• Why - Pourquoi
• When - Quand
• Who - Qui
• How - Comment
• How much - Combien
• How many - Combien

Question Formats

1. Raise the voice --> Ils arrivent de a paris?
   
2. Attach "Est-ce que" (es que) in front of the sentence for a Yes-No Answer --> Est-ce qu'ils arrivent de a paris?
   
3. Inverse subject verb to verb-subject? --> vous pouvez => pouvez-vous
   
4. If the first letter of subject and last letter of verb are vowels, attach a -t- in between --> arrive-T-il? mange-t-il?
   
5. Interrogative adverb + est-ce que(qu') + Subject + Verb? --> Quand est-ce qu'ils arrivent? -->Où est-ce que tu arrives? --> Qu'est-ce qu'il y a? -->Pourquoi est-ce qu'il mange le croissant? --> combien d'argent? --> combien de filles?
   
6. INVERSION --> Interrogative adverb + verb-Subject? --> Où habite-t-elle? Quand arrives-tu?
7. Inversion of "il y a ..." = Y a-t-il ....? N'y a-t-il pas ...? --> Y a-t-il encore une chambre?
   
8. Use of est-ce que with "il y a ..." --> est-ce qu'il y a des chambres?
   

When Combien is followed by a noun directly, the noun is preceded by De or d'.
Combien d'argent?
Combien de filles?

There is/There are = Il y a ....
There is not/There are not = Il n'y a pas ...
Is there ... = y a-t-il ....?
Isn't there... = n'y a-t-il pas ...?
encore = still

French Verbs

The structure of French verbs is not difficult to comprehend for a native English speaker, since most of the forms parallel or are very close in meaning to those employed in English. One seeming major difference is that French employs two “moods”: the indicative and the subjunctive. The mood of the verb does not refer (at least directly) to the mood of the speaker but rather to the type of statement that he or she is making. The indicative can be thought of as the “normal” verb mood (or mode), while the subjunctive is used in a number of special circumstances— in connection with orders, desires, uncertainty, etc. Contrary to what many might think, the subjunctive also exists in English, though its existence generally passes unnoticed, since subjunctive and indicative verb forms in Modern English are almost always the same. But a sentence like :

I insist that he be punished

provides an illustration that there is at times a difference between the two. In addition to the indicative and subjunctive, there is a third verbal “mood” in both French and English— the imperative (e.g., “Go!” “Run!”). For any English verb there are essentially only ?ve “simple” forms:

infinitive present past past participle present participle

(to) write write(s) wrote written writing

All other verb forms are compound ones created from the simple ones by using various auxiliaries or “helping” verbs (e.g., I was writing, I will write, I would have written).

For French, there are eleven simple verb forms— the ?ve English ones, plus:

indicative subjunctive imperative

imperfect future conditional present imperfect present

French verbs can be divided into four groups according to the endings of their infinitives:

1. -er verbs parler “to speak”

2. -oir verbs recevoir “to receive”

3. -re verbs répondre “to respond”

4. -ir verbs finir “to finish”

The -er verbs are by far the most numerous, The -er verbs are also the most dynamic, in the sense that “new” verbs virtually without exception take this ending.

In French, as in most languages, a “Murphy’s law of verbs” seems to hold:

1. Regular verbs are infrequently used.

2. Frequently used verbs are irregular.

but with one important advantage: a very large number of (seemingly) irregular verbs follow easily understood and readily remembered patterns. This applies in particular to virtually all of the nearly 800 “irregular”-er verbs: only two do not follow precise patterns throughout their conjugations.

The contrasting pronunciations of parte and part illustrate that the final -e (unless it has a written accent) and most final consonants are not pronounced. Word final -e thus serves generally only as a marker that the preceding consonant is pronounced. A common example of this is the feminine form of nouns and adjectives— e.g., verte (“green”, feminine) pronounced [vert], vert (masculine) pronounced [ver].

There are in fact ?ve other types of “E” with which we will not be directly concerned, exempli?ed by the vowe e ls ?n the following words— le, peu, peur, plein, un— and represented symbolically (IPA) by ∍, ø, œ, e ˚ , œ. ~

An open syllable is one in which the vowel is the last (spoken) element— e.g., all three syllables in avocat: [a•vo•ca] A closed syllable is one in which the ?nal (spoken) element is a consonant— e.g., the ?rst syllables in both parler and taxer: [par•lÉ] [tak•sÉ]

Reference -